Sunday, November 12, 2006

Genetic classification of South Slavic languages

(version 1)

Note that all dialects are considered as languages. Standard languages are marked differently, inside of particular language. This classification is linguistic, not political.

From Indo-European languages to South Slavic languages
  • Centum languages
  • Satem languages
    • Albanian languages
    • Armenian languages
    • Dacian languages
    • Indo-Iranian languages
    • Thracian languages
    • Balto-Slavic languages
      • Baltic languages
      • Slavic languages
        • East Slavic languages
        • West Slavic languages
        • South Slavic languages

South Slavic languages
  • Eastern South Slavic languages
    • Old Church Slavonic language
      • Church Slavonic languages
    • Bulgarian languages
      • Standard Bulgarian language
    • Macedonian languages
      • Standard Macedonian language
    • Torlakian languages
      • Prizren-South Morava languages
      • Svrljig-Zaplanje languages
      • Timok-Luzhnice languages
  • Central South Slavic languages
    • Shtokavian languages
      • Old Shtokavian languages
        • Old Shtokavian Ekavian languages
          • Smederevo-Vrsac languages
          • Kosovo-Resava languages
        • Old Shtokavian Iyekavian languages
          • Zeta-South Sandzak languages
        • Old Shtokavian Ikavian languages
          • Slavonian languages
          • Molise Croatian languages
      • Neo-Shtokavian languages
        • Neo-Shtokavian Ekavian languages
          • Shumadia-Vojvodina languages
            • Standard Serbian Ekavian language
            • Standard Serbo-Croatian Ekavian (Eastern variant) language
        • Neo-Shtokavian Iyekavian languages
          • East-Herzegovian langauges
            • Standard Bosnian language
            • Standard Croatian language
            • Official Montenegrin language
            • Standard Serbian Iyekavian language
            • Standard Serbo-Croatian Iyekavian Eastern variant language
            • Standard Serbo-Croatian Iyekavian Western variant language
          • East-Bosnian languages
        • Neo-Shtokavian Ikavian languages
          • Young Ikavian languages
    • Chakavian languages
      • Burgenland Croatian languages
      • Buzetskian languages
      • South-West Istrian languages
      • North Chakavian languages
      • South Chakavian languages
      • Lastovo languages
  • Western South Slavic languages
    • Kaykavian languages
      • Zagorje-Middle Murje languages
      • Krizhevo-Podrava languages
      • Turopolje-Posavian languages
      • Priroje languages
      • South Sutlan languages
      • Gora languages
    • Slovenian languages
      • Standard Slovenian language

Bibliography
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Saturday, November 11, 2006

Native American languages: bibliography by field

(version 1)
General sources
  • Boas, Franz. (1911). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 1). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
  • Boas, Franz. (1922). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 2). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
  • Boas, Franz. (1933). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 3). Native American legal materials collection, title 1227. Glückstadt: J.J. Augustin.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-1604-8774-9.
  • Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native languages and language families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institute). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). ISBN 0-8032-9271-6.
  • Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
  • Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978-present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).
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Tai-Kadai languages: bibliography by field (v3)

(version 3)
General sources
 Languages
  • Benedict, Paul K. (1990) Japanese/Austro-Tai: Linguistica Extranea, Studia 20. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma.
  • Blust, Robert, "Beyond the Austronesian Homeland: The Austric Hypothesis and Its Implications for Archaeology" in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Ser., Vol. 86, No. 5, Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific (1996), pp. 117-158
  • Diller, Anthony. (1996) "Thai and Lao Writing." In The World's Writing Systems, edited by Peter T. Daniels and William Bright. New York: Oxford University Press, 457–466.
  • Edmondson, Jerold A. and D.B. Solnit eds. 1997. ''Comparative Kadai: the Tai branch''. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Edmondson, Jerold A. and Solnit, David B., eds. (1988) Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies beyond Tai. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  • Gerner, Matthias, "Passive of Affect in Kam (Dong) and other Kadai Languages: The Missing Link from Synchrony" in Australian Journal of Linguistics, Volume 23, Number 1 / April 2003, pages 35 - 70, Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
  • Hlai language on Ethnologue
  • "Index of Languages in Volume 43", Oceanic Linguistics - Volume 43, Number 2, December 2004, pp. 535-545, University of Hawai'i Press
  • Jiamao language on linguistlist.org
  • Languages of China on Ethnologue
  • Link Chen Ta-Tuan, Yih-Jian Tai, Ta-Tuan Ch'en, Chinese Primer, Princeton University Press, Dec 1, 2000, ISBN: 0691096023, limited preview on Google books
  • Luo, Yongxian. The Subgroup Structure of the Tai Languages: A Historical-Comparative Study. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series, no. 12. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997
  • Matisoff, James A., "Glottal Dissimilation and the Lahu High-Rising Tone: A Tonogenetic Case-Study" in Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 90, No. 1 (Jan. - Mar., 1970), pp. 13-44
  • Matisoff, James A., "Proto-Hlai initials and tones: a first approximation." In Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies beyond Tai, eds. J. A. Edmondson, D. B. Solnit, 289-321. Publications in Linguistics #86. Arlington: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Univ. of Texas,1989.
  • Matisoff, James A., "On Megalocomparison." Language 66, 1: 106–120, 1990
  • Ouyang, J., and Zheng, Y., Research into the Li (Hlai) Language (In Chinese), 1983, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Press, Beijing
  • Packward, Jerome Lee (EDT) & Packard, Jerome Lee, New Approaches to Chinese Word Formation, Walter de Gruyter, Feb 1, 1998, pages 386, ISBN: 311015109X, limited privew on Google books
  • Preecha Juntanamalaga. (1988) "Social Issues in Thai Classifier Usage." Language Sciences 10, 2: 313–330.
People
Places
See also
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Thursday, November 02, 2006

Tai-Kadai languages: bibliography by field (v2)

This document has newer version. Please click here to see it.

General sources
 Languages
  • Edmondson, J.A. and D.B. Solnit eds. 1997. ''Comparative Kadai: the Tai branch''. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Hlai language on Ethnologue
  • Jiamao language on linguistlist.org
  • Languages of China on Ethnologue
  • Matisoff, J. A. 1989. Proto-Hlai initials and tones: a first approximation. In Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies beyond Tai, eds. J. A. Edmondson, D. B. Solnit, 289-321. Publications in Linguistics #86. Arlington: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Univ. of Texas.
  • Ouyang, J., and Zheng, Y., Research into the Li (Hlai) Language (In Chinese), 1983, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Press, Beijing
People
Places
See also
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Languages: bibliography by field

(version 1)

Language

Human language and people

Animal languages

  • Bickerton, D. (2005). Language evolution: a brief guide for linguists. link
  • Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton. Reprint. Berlin and New York (1985).
  • Chomsky, N. (1959). A Review of B.F. Skinner’s Verbal Behavior. Language, 35, 26-58.
  • Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
  • Chomsky, N. (1995). The minimalist program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Chomsky, N. & Lasnik, H. (1993). The theory of principles and parameters, in: J. Jacobs A. von Stechow, W. Sternefeld, and T. Vennemann (eds.) Syntax: an international handbook of contemporary research. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Christiansen, M.H. & Kirby, S.H. (Eds.)(2003). Language Evolution: The States of the Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Deacon, T. W. (1997) The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Human Brain. Allen Lane: The Penguin Press.
  • Discussion: Starling Study: Recursion (Linguist List)
  • Excellent compendium of links to the websites of all of the major animal language studies
  • Fitch, W.T., & Hauser, M.D. (2004). Computational constraints on syntactic processing in a nonhuman primate. Science, 303, 377-380.
  • Fouts, R. S. (1973). Acquisition and testing of gestural signs in four young chimpanzees. Science, 180, 978-80.
  • Gardner, R.A., & Gardner, B.T. (1969). Teaching sign language to a chimpanzee. Science, 165, 664-672.
  • Gardner, B.T., & Gardner, R.A. (1975). Evidence for sentence constituents in the early utterances of child and chimpanzee. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 244-267.
  • Gardner R. Allen and Gardner Beatrice T. (1980) Comparative psychology and language acquisition. In Thomas A. Sebok and Jean-Umiker-Sebok (eds.): Speaking of Apes: A Critical Anthology of Two-Way Communication with Man. New York: Plenum Press, pp.287-329.
  • Gisiner, R., & Schusterman, R. J. (1992). Sequence, syntax, and semantics: Responses of a language-trained sea lion (Zalophus californianus) to novel sign combinations. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 106, 78.
  • Gomez, R.L, & Gerken, L. (2000). Infant artificial language learning and language acquisition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 178-186.
  • Goodall, J. (1964). Tool Using and Aimed Throwing in a Community of Free-Living Chimpanzees, Nature, 201, 1264-1266.
  • Hauser, M.D., Chomsky, N. & Fitch, W.T. (2002). The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science, 298, 1569-1579.
  • Hayes, C. (1951). The Ape in Our House. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Herman, L. M. & Forestell, P. H. (1985). Reporting presence or absence of named objects by a language-trained dolphin. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 9, 667-691.
  • Herman, L. M. Kuczaj, S. A. & Holder, M. D. (1993). Responses to anomalous gestural sequences by a language-trained dolphin: Evidence for processing of semantic relations and syntactic information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 122 (2):184-194.
  • Herman, L. M., Richards, D. G. & Wolz, J. P. (1984). Comprehension of sentences by bottlenosed dolphins. Cognition, 16, 129-219.
  • Hockett, C. (1960).The origin of speech. Scientific American, 203, 88-96.
  • Holder, M. D., Herman, L. M. & Kuczaj, S. III (1993). A bottlenosed dolphin's responses to anomalous gestural sequences expressed within an artificial gestural language. In H. R. Roitblat, L. M. Herman & P.E. Nachtigall (Eds): Language and Communication: Comparative Perspectives, 299-308. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Hurford J.R., Studdert-Kennedy, M., & Knight, C. (Eds.) (1998) Approaches to the evolution of language: Social and cognitive bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • International Bioacoustics Council research on animal language.
  • Jarvis Lab homepage Evolution of Brain Structure for Vocal Learning
  • Kako, E. (1999). Elements of syntax in the systems of three language-trained animals. Animal Learning & Behavior, 27, 1-14.
  • Kellogg, W.N., & Kellogg, L.A. (1933). The ape and the child. New York: Whittlesey House (McGraw-Hill).
  • Knight, C., Studdert-Kennedy, M., Hurford, J.R. (Eds.) (2000). The evolutionary emergence of language: Social function and the origins of linguistic form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kohts. N. (1935). Infant ape and human child. Museum Darwinianum, Moscow.
  • Ladygina-Kohts, N.N, & de Waal, F.B.M. (2002). Infant Chimpanzee and Human Child: A Classic 1935 Comparative Study of Ape Emotions and Intelligence (Tr: B. Vekker). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lenneberg, E.H. (1971) Of language, knowledge, apes, and brains. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1, 1-29.
  • Listen to Nature includes article "The Language of Birds"
  • Miles, H.L. (1990) "The cognitive foundations for reference in a signing orangutan" in S.T. Parker and K.R. Gibson (eds.) "Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes: Comparative Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge Univ. Press.
  • Nehaniv C. & Dautenhahn, K.(Eds.) (2002). Imitation in Animals and Artifacts. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press.
  • Patterson, F., and Linden, E. (1981) The Education of Koko. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Pepperberg, I.M. (1999). The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative abilities of Grey Parrots. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Pinker, S. (1984). Language Learnability and Language Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Reprinted in 1996 with additional commentary.
  • Pinker, S. (1994). The language instinct: how the mind creates language. New York: William Morrow & Co.
  • Pinker, S. & Bloom, P. (1990). Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13, 707-784.
  • Plooij, F.X. (1978). "Some basic traits of language in wild chimpanzees?" i have hairy nipples n A. Lock (ed.) Action, Gesture and Symbol. New York: Academic Press.
  • Premack, D. (1971). Language in a chimpanzee? Science, 172, 808-822.
  • Rendell, L. & Whitehead, H. (2001) Culture in whales and dolphins. Beharioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 309-382.
  • Roitblat, H.R., Herman, L.M. & Nachtigall, P.E. (Eds.)(1993). Language and Communication: Comparative Perspectives, 299-308. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Rumbaugh Duane M. (1980) Language behavior of apes. In Thomas A. Sebok and Jean-Umiker-Sebok(eds.): Speaking of Apes: A Critical Anthology of Two- Way Communication with Man. New York: Plenum Press, pp.231-259.
  • Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (1990). Language Acquisition in a Nonhuman Species: Implications for the innateness debate. Developmental Psychobiology, 23, 599-620.
  • Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S., McDonald, K., Sevcik, R.A., Hopkins, W.D. & Rupert E, (1986). Spontaneous symbol acquisition and communicative use by pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus). Journal of Experimental Psychology:General, 115, 211-235.
  • Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. and Fields, W. M. (2000). Linguistic, cultural and cognitive capacities of bonobos (Pan paniscus). Culture and Psychology, 6, 131-154.
  • Sayigh, L.S., Tyack, P.L., Wells, R.S. & Scott, M.D. (1990). Signature whistles of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): stability and mother-offspring comparisons. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology,247-260.
  • Schusterman, R. J. & Gisiner, R. (1988). Artificial language comprehension in dolphins and sea lions: The essential cognitive skills. The Psychological Record, 34, 3-23.
  • Schusterman, R.J. & Gisiner, R. (1989). Please suck my balls parse the sentence: animal cognition in the Procrustean bed of linguistics. Psychological Record, 39:3-18.
  • Schusterman, R. J. and Kastak, D. (1993) A California Sea-Lion (Zalaphos californianus) is capable of forming equivalence relations. The Psychological Record, 43, 823-839
  • Schusterman, R. J. & Krieger, K. (1984). California sea lions are capable of semantic comprehension. The Psychological Record, 38, 311-348.
  • Seyfarth, R. M. & Cheney, D.L. (1990). The assessment by vervet monkeys of their own and other species’ alarm calls. Animal Behavior, 40, 754-764.
  • Skinner, B.F. (1957). Verbal behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Terrace, H. S. (1979). Nim. New York: Knopf.
  • Terrace H.S., Petitto L.A. , Sanders R.J. and Bever T.G. (1979) Can an ape create a sentence? Science 206:891-902.
  • The Animal Communication Project

  • Wikipedia contributors, "Animal language," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_language&oldid=85074681 (accessed November 2, 2006).

Linguistics

Learning language and languages

Speech

Unclassified sources

Sources for this bibliography
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Wednesday, November 01, 2006

Tai-Kadai languages: bibliography by field (v1)

Languages
  • Edmondson, J.A. and D.B. Solnit eds. 1997. ''Comparative Kadai: the Tai branch''. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Hlai language on Ethnologue
  • Matisoff, J. A. 1989. Proto-Hlai initials and tones: a first approximation. In Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies beyond Tai, eds. J. A. Edmondson, D. B. Solnit, 289-321. Publications in Linguistics #86. Arlington: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Univ. of Texas.
  • Ouyang, J., and Zheng, Y., Research into the Li (Hlai) Language (In Chinese), 1983, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Press, Beijing
People
See also
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Classification of Tai-Kadai languages

(version 1)
Classification
  • Hlai languages
    • Jiamao language (Hainan)
    • Hlai language (Hainan)
      • Classification A [Ethnologue]
        • Ha (Luohua-Hayan-Baoxian)
          • Luowo speech of Ha dialect is considered to be the standard.
        • Qi (Gei, Tongshi-Qiandui-Baocheng)
        • Meifu (Moifau)
        • Bendi (Zwn, Baisha-Yuanmen)
      • Classification B [Ethnologue]
        • Ha Li
        • Meifu Li
        • Qi Li
        • Local Li
        • Detou Li
      • Classification C [J. Matisoff]
        • Baoding
        • Xifang
        • Tongshi
        • Baisha
        • Qiandiu
        • Heitu
        • Yuanmen
        • Baocheng
  • Geyan languages
    • Yerong language (mainland China)
    • Gelao language (Vietnam)
    • Lachi language (Vietnam)
    • White Lachi language (Vietnam)
    • Buyang language (mainland China)
    • Cun language (Hainan)
    • En language (Vietnam)
    • Qabiao language (Vietnam)
    • Laqua language (Vietnam)
    • Laha language (Vietnam)
  • Kam-Tai languages
    • Be-Tai languages
      • Be language (Hainan)
      • Tai languages
        • Central Tai languages
          • Southern Zhuang language (China)
          • E language (China)
          • Man Cao Lan language (Vietnam)
          • Nung language (Vietnam)
          • Tày language (Tho) (Vietnam)
          • Ts'ün-Lao language (Vietnam)
        • East Central Tai languages
          • Northwest Tai languages
              • Turung language (India)
        • Northern Tai languages
          • Northern Zhuang language (China)
          • Nhang language (Vietnam)
          • Bouyei language (Buyi) (China)
          • Tai Mène language (Laos)
        • Southwestern Tai languages
          • Tai Ya language (China)
          • East Central Tai languages
            • Chiang Saeng languages
              • Tai Dam language (Vietnam)
              • Northern Thai language (Lanna, Thai Yuan) (Thailand, Laos)
              • Phuan language (Thailand)
              • Thai Song language (Thailand)
              • Thai language (Thailand)
              • Tai Hang Tong language (Vietnam)
              • Tai Dón language (Vietnam)
              • Tai Daeng language (Vietnam)
              • Tay Tac language (Vietnam)
              • Thu Lao language (Vietnam)
          • Lao-Phutai languages
            • Lao language (Laos)
            • Nyaw language (Thailand)
            • Phu Thai language (Thailand)
            • Isan language (Northeastern Thai) (Thailand, Laos)
          • Northwestern Tai languages
            • Ahom language (India - extinct. Modern Assamese language is Indo-European.)
            • Aiton language (India)
            • Lü language (Lue, Tai Lue) (China, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Myanmar)
            • Khamti language (India, Myanmar)
            • Khün language (Myanmar)
            • Khamyang language (India)
            • Phake language (India)
            • Shan language (Myanmar)
            • Tai Nüa language (China, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos)
          • Pu Ko language (Laos)
          • Pa Di language (China)
          • Southern Tai languages
            • Southern Thai language (Pak Thai) (Thailand)
          • Tai Thanh language (Vietnam)
          • Tày Sa Pa language (Vietnam)
          • Tai Long language (Laos)
            • Tai Hongjin language (China)
            • Yong language (Thailand)
          • Unclassified Southwestern
            • Tai Hongjin language (China)
            • Yong language (Thailand)
        • Unclassified
          • Kuan language (Laos)
        • Rien language (Laos)
        • Tay Khang language (Laos)
        • Tai Pao language (Laos)
        • Tai Do language (Vietnam)
      • Saek language (Laos)
    • Lakkia-Kam-Sui languages
      • Lakkia-Biao languages (mainland China)
        • Lakkia language
        • Biao language
      • Kam-Sui languages (mainland China)
        • Ai-Cham language
        • Cao Miao language
        • Northern Dong language
        • Southern Dong language
        • Kang language
        • Mak language
        • Mulam language
        • Maonan language
        • Sui language
        • T’en language
Bibliography
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Dictionary of Hainan languages related terms

(version 1)
  • Baoxian - place on Hainan (latitude: 18.73333, longitude: 109.0597); territory where Ha language/dialect is spoken
  • Bendi - language or dialect spoken on Hainan; according to different sources (cf. Ethnologue: http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lic) Bendi is considered as subgroup of Hlai language; Bendi may be considered as ethnic subgroup of Hlai people; according to Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lic) there are 44,000 speakers of Bendi.
  • Bli - see Hlai.
  • Dai - see Hlai.
  • Day - see Hlai.
  • Dli - see Hlai.
  • Ha - according to Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lic) majority population of Hlai people (432,000).
  • Hainan - the island south of China, between Gulf of Tonkin and South China Sea; for details see Hainan on Wikipedia.
  • Hlai - language or group of languages and ethnonym for the majority of Hainan aboriginals. Sometimes separated onto Hlai and Jiamao, but Jiamao is considered as separate language.
    • region - Mountains in central and south central Hainan Province, southern China (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lic).
    • ethnonyms and linguonyms - Li, Dai, Day, Lai, La, Loi, Le, Dli, Bli, Klai, Slai (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lic).
    • population -
      • according to Ouyang Jueya / Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lic):
        • 667,000 (1999 Ouyang Jueya). 160,000 monolinguals (24% of population—10% children and 14% adults). 432,000 Ha, 178,000 Qi, 52,000 Jiamao, 44,000 Bendi, 30,000 Meifu (1990 census).
  • Jiamao - language and ethnonym for aboriginal group of Hainan inhabitants; according to Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lic) there are 52,000 Jiamao people; sometimes Jiamao is considered as a subgroup of Hlai people, but language is mostly considered separately.
  • Jueya, Ouyang - see Ouyang Jueya
  • Klai - see Hlai.
  • La - see Hlai.
  • Lai - see Hlai.
  • Le - see Hlai.
  • Loi - see Loi.
  • Li - Chinese name for aboriginal people of Hainan; usually used for for description of all aboriginal people and their languages as well as for Hlai people and their languages.
  • LIC - ISO/DIS 639-3 code for Hlai language.
  • Meifu - language or dialect spoken on Hainan; according to different sources (cf. Ethnologue: http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lic) Meifu is considered as subgroup of Hlai language; Meifu may be considered as ethnic subgroup of Hlai people; according to Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lic) there are 30,000 speakers of Meifu.
  • Min - a general term for a group of dialects of Chinese language spoken in southeastern China, including north Hainan; for details see Min (linguistics) on Wikipedia.
  • Ouyang Jueya - contemporary linguist who is working on Hlai language.
  • Qi - language or dialect spoken on Hainan; according to different sources (cf. Ethnologue: http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lic) Qi is considered as subgroup of Hlai language; Qi may be considered as ethnic subgroup of Hlai people; according to Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lic) there are 178,000 speakers of Qi.
  • Slai - see Hlai.
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